3 月 14 日，歐洲議會(huì)最終批準(zhǔn)了歐盟人工智能 (AI) 法——《歐盟人工智能法案》，這是世界上第一套全面的人工智能法規(guī)之一。

歐盟議會(huì)網(wǎng)站稱，《歐盟人工智能法案》將管轄由 27 個(gè)成員國(guó)組成的聯(lián)盟，以確保“人工智能值得信賴、安全并尊重歐盟基本權(quán)利，同時(shí)支持創(chuàng)新”。

根據(jù)公告，該法案以 523 票贊成的票數(shù)獲得通過(guò)。

46票反對(duì)，49票棄權(quán)。

Cointelegraph 在投票前參加了一場(chǎng)虛擬新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，會(huì)上歐盟議會(huì)成員 Brando Benifei 和 Dragos Tudorache 向媒體發(fā)表了講話，稱這是“我們漫長(zhǎng)的人工智能監(jiān)管道路上的歷史性的一天”。

貝尼菲表示，立法的最終結(jié)果將有助于創(chuàng)建“安全且以人為中心的人工智能”，其測(cè)試“反映了歐盟議會(huì)的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)”。

該立法于五年前首次提出，并在去年隨著強(qiáng)大的人工智能模型開(kāi)始開(kāi)發(fā)和大規(guī)模使用而加速。

2023 年 12 月，議會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)貝尼菲所說(shuō)的“漫長(zhǎng)談判”后達(dá)成了臨時(shí)協(xié)議，隨后內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)和公民自由委員會(huì)于 2 月 13 日以 71 比 8 投票通過(guò)了該臨時(shí)協(xié)議。

當(dāng)立法者今天鎖定最終投票時(shí)，圖多拉奇評(píng)論說(shuō)：

“作為一個(gè)聯(lián)盟，我們向全世界發(fā)出了一個(gè)信號(hào)，即我們非常認(rèn)真地對(duì)待這一問(wèn)題……現(xiàn)在我們必須開(kāi)放地與其他人合作……我們必須開(kāi)放地與盡可能多的人建立[人工智能]治理志同道合的民主國(guó)家。”

人工智能行動(dòng)

在今天的行動(dòng)之后，在法律翻譯階段，歐盟法律將被翻譯成所有成員國(guó)的語(yǔ)言，屆時(shí)將進(jìn)行細(xì)微的語(yǔ)言更改。

據(jù) EuroNews 報(bào)道，該法案將于 4 月份進(jìn)行第二次投票，并可能于 5 月份在歐盟官方期刊上發(fā)布。

11 月，所有禁止行為的禁令都將開(kāi)始生效。

貝尼菲表示，這些規(guī)定從頒布之日起就具有強(qiáng)制性。

除了禁止的做法外，貝尼菲澄清說(shuō)，“一開(kāi)始，這不會(huì)是完全強(qiáng)制性的。

有一個(gè)時(shí)間表。”

受到什么影響？

歐盟人工智能法案根據(jù)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)模型對(duì)社會(huì)造成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將其分為四類，其中高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型受到最嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則的約束。

根據(jù)歐盟網(wǎng)站的說(shuō)法，“不可接受的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”是禁止的首要類別，“所有被認(rèn)為對(duì)人們的安全、生計(jì)和權(quán)利構(gòu)成明顯威脅的人工智能系統(tǒng)都將被禁止，從政府的社會(huì)評(píng)分到使用鼓勵(lì)危險(xiǎn)行為的語(yǔ)音輔助的玩具” ”。

相關(guān)：

An example of this would include the use of AI-powered remote biometric identification systems to scan faces in public by local authorities.

“High-risk” applications include critical infrastructures, educational or vocational training, safety components of products, essential private and public services, law enforcement that may interfere with people’s fundamental rights, migration and border control management and administration of justice and democratic processes.

“Limited risk” is related to the level of transparency in AI usage. It gives the example of interacting with AI chatbots and the need for users to be aware of interacting with a machine, along with ensuring that AI-generated content is identifiable.

The EU has created a tool called “The EU AI Act Compliance Checker,” which allows organizations to see where they fall within the legislation.

The EU’s AI Act makes space for the “free use” of “minimal-risk” AI, which includes applications such as AI-enabled video games or spam filters.

According to the EU, currently the “vast majority”of AI systems used in the EU are in this category.

AI chatbots

Additionally, provisions for generative-AI models were added by lawmakers with the explosion in popularity and accessibility of AI chatbots such as ChatGPT, Grok and Gemini.

General-purpose AI model developers, including local EU startups and some of the bigger names previously mentioned, will need to hand over detailed summaries of the training data used to train such systems and stay compliant with EU copyright law.

Deepfake content that has been generated using AI must also be labeled in accordance with the law as artificially manipulated.

Response from tech companies

Previously, the EU’s AI Act received pushback from local businesses and tech companies who urged authorities not to overregulate emerging AI technologies at the cost of innovation.

In June 2023, executives from 160 companies in the tech industry drafted an open letter to EU regulators outlining the implications on local innovation if regulations are too-strict.

However, upon approving the world’s first comprehensive set of AI legislation, the EU Parliament received praise from the tech giant IBM in a statement from Christina Montgomery, its vice president and chief privacy and trust officer. She said:

“I commend the EU for its leadership in passing comprehensive, smart AI legislation. The risk-based approach aligns with IBM's commitment to ethical AI practices and will contribute to building open and trustworthy AI ecosystems.”

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