世界上一些最幸福的國(guó)家也是性別最平等的國(guó)家。

冰島、芬蘭、瑞典、挪威和新西蘭均出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵排名的前十名：《世界幸福報(bào)告》年度全球最幸福國(guó)家排行榜和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇《全球性別差距報(bào)告》排名全球最幸福國(guó)家——平等的國(guó)家。

盡管自 2023 年以來這兩份報(bào)告都沒有更新過，但這些國(guó)家多年來一直在實(shí)現(xiàn)性別平等和提高居民幸福感方面引領(lǐng)世界，至少自 2018 年以來在這兩個(gè)榜單上均名列前茅。

聯(lián)合國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展解決方案網(wǎng)絡(luò)是《世界幸福報(bào)告》的背后組織，它使用六個(gè)因素對(duì)各國(guó)的幸福進(jìn)行評(píng)分：社會(huì)支持、收入、健康、自由、慷慨和反腐敗。

世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇從四個(gè)維度比較了各國(guó)的性別差距：經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)；

教育程度；

健康和生存；

和政治賦權(quán)。

世界上最幸福的國(guó)家也在社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)上倡導(dǎo)性別平等，這并非巧合。

這些國(guó)家的居民和工作場(chǎng)所專家表示，對(duì)性別平等的積極態(tài)度有助于居民的整體福祉。

北歐國(guó)家如何利用社會(huì)政策促進(jìn)性別平等和幸福

世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇在其研究中建立了社會(huì)政策、家庭幸福和女性職業(yè)發(fā)展之間的明確關(guān)聯(lián)。

北歐國(guó)家——冰島、瑞典、芬蘭和挪威——為父母提供了世界上最慷慨的帶薪休假政策。

在挪威，新父母有權(quán)享受總共 49 周的全薪假期或 59 周的 80% 薪假。

其中，15 周留給母親，15 周留給父親，剩下的 19 周可以由他們認(rèn)為合適的人分享。

克里斯塔·亞歷克斯 (Krysta Alexa) 是一名美國(guó)僑民，在挪威第二大城市卑爾根撫養(yǎng)兩個(gè)孩子，目前正在與剛出生的兒子休產(chǎn)假（出于隱私原因，她拒絕透露自己的姓氏和孩子的名字）。

“在這里，我覺得我可以擁有一切，我可以平衡事業(yè)和母親的身份，”這位 32 歲的項(xiàng)目管理人員解釋道。

“在其他國(guó)家，由于與兒童保育相關(guān)的費(fèi)用，你可能不得不放棄你的職業(yè)生涯并留在家里照顧你的孩子，但在挪威，有明確的支持讓你的職業(yè)生活圍繞家庭靈活。”

在其中一些國(guó)家，獲得負(fù)擔(dān)得起的兒童保育服務(wù)是北歐居民認(rèn)為可以提高婦女和家庭福祉的另一項(xiàng)資源。

"The burden of being a working mother is made a lot lighter in Sweden as compared to the U.S.," says Linda Akeson McGurk, a Swedish-American writer raising her two daughters in southwest Sweden. McGurk lived in the U.S. for 15 years before moving back to Sweden with her kids in 2018.

As a single mom, McGurk was worried about finding after-school care for her daughters in Sweden, given how expensive — and in some cases, competitive — it was for them in the U.S.

But the 45-year-old says she was "pleasantly surprised" at how easy it was to find affordable child care, thanks to the government-subsidized after-school programs Sweden offers for students and their families.

Such policies' positive impact on women and families can't be understated. In Norway, increased federal financing for daycare has prompted more mothers to return to the workforce, while Sweden has one of the highest percentages of mothers in the workforce of the 38 countries counted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

"All of these different components of social welfare help lighten the load of parenthood and diminish the gap between genders," says McGurk. "That makes it a lot easier to hold on to a career, and a life overall, that you're happy with."

Progress on equal pay could mean happier employees

Some of the happiest countries in the world have introduced measures to shrink the gender wage gap. Workplace experts say such efforts could help workers there feel more secure and satisfied in their careers.

In August, New Zealand's government introduced legislation to require large businesses to report the state of their gender pay gaps in a bid to make workplaces more equitable, Bloomberg reports. While it's unclear when, or if, such legislation might pass, New Zealand already has one of the smallest gender wage gaps in the world, standing at about 14%, according to the WEF.

Six years ago, Iceland introduced a policy that requires organizations with more than 25 employees to prove that they pay men and women in the same roles equally.

While the WEF pegs the wage gap between men and women in Iceland at 21%, other sources, including the OECD, put the gap at closer to 10%.

If companies show they pay their employees equally regardless of gender, they receive a certification. Beginning in 2020, certification became a requirement for employers with 25 or more workers, and companies without certification incur a daily fine, according to Ines Wagner, a researcher at the Institute for Social Research in Oslo, Norway.

Wagner studied the impact of Iceland's pay transparency policy on workers' well-being and found that both employees and managers reported higher job satisfaction and trust in the workplace after its implementation.

瓦格納是挪威奧斯陸大學(xué)的研究教授，也是哈佛大學(xué)歐洲研究中心的肯尼迪紀(jì)念館研究員，他指出：“如果人們覺得自己得到了公平的報(bào)酬，他們通常會(huì)在工作中感到更快樂。”出去。

“這些政策還開創(chuàng)了鼓勵(lì)員工為自己辯護(hù)并合作創(chuàng)造更健康、更公平的工作環(huán)境的先例。”

這些國(guó)家還采用其他策略來促進(jìn)工作場(chǎng)所的公平。

瑞典斯德哥爾摩大學(xué)組織心理學(xué)教授克勞迪婭·伯恩哈德-奧特爾表示，芬蘭、冰島和瑞典

向其公民提供免費(fèi)大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)，這有助于讓人們更平等地獲得高薪工作機(jī)會(huì)。

“研究表明，最幸福的國(guó)家往往是最富有和最貧窮之間差距最小的國(guó)家，”她解釋道。

“在幸福感和性別平等方面排名靠前的國(guó)家已經(jīng)成功地建立了一個(gè)人們認(rèn)為自己能夠取得成功并在教育或職業(yè)追求上得到支持的國(guó)家。”

需要明確的是，最幸福的國(guó)家——即使是最適合女性的國(guó)家——也遠(yuǎn)非完美。

例如，在冰島，數(shù)萬(wàn)名婦女于 10 月份參加了為期一天的罷工，以抗議冰島婦女面臨的持續(xù)性別工資差距和基于性別的暴力。

伯恩哈德-奧特爾補(bǔ)充道：“即使我們?cè)谛詣e平等和幸福方面比其他國(guó)家領(lǐng)先，但仍有很多工作要做。”

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