撰稿：小颯團(tuán)隊

來源 Techub 新聞專欄作家

隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，我們?nèi)找孢M(jìn)入資源相對過剩的時代。這意味著，盡管我們在日常生活中為使用這些資源付費，但我們往往無法充分利用它們。資源的出現(xiàn)是必然的。浪費。例如，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)硬件設(shè)施的快速升級，我們安裝的家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)的帶寬和流量實際上已經(jīng)大大超出了家庭正常情況下的日常需求。那么，如果給你一個渠道和機會來“出售部分”這些無盡的帶寬和流量，你會同意嗎？

這不僅是共享經(jīng)濟(jì)的簡單邏輯，也是DePIN賽道價值實現(xiàn)的基本邏輯。灑姐團(tuán)隊注意到，DePIN賽道作為與現(xiàn)實世界兼容性最好、最有可能在短期內(nèi)創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟(jì)價值的Web3領(lǐng)域之一，在經(jīng)濟(jì)下行壓力加大的2024年似乎會產(chǎn)生不利后果。仍然巨大。爆炸的可能性。

那么，DePIN的機遇和法律風(fēng)險有哪些？今天撒姐團(tuán)隊就來和大家深度聊聊。

01 DePIN賽道概述

DePIN（Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks，簡稱“DePIN”），直譯為“分布式物理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)”。 DePIN是一個建立在區(qū)塊鏈上的物理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)，利用代幣激勵來鼓勵普通用戶共享各種個人資源，例如存儲空間、帶寬流量、云算力、能源甚至地圖資源。你可以簡單地將DePIN理解為眾包的一種特殊形式——將原本由大公司、大企業(yè)、甚至國家壟斷提供的資源轉(zhuǎn)移給海量的普通用戶。這樣一來，原本由大公司賺取的利潤也將分散到普通用戶身上。

注：圖片來自iotex

薩杰團(tuán)隊認(rèn)為，DePIN賽道的基本運營模式是“主營業(yè)務(wù)+通證”模式。主業(yè)不用說，只要能經(jīng)營就行。 DePIN的核心在于“通證”，因為通證經(jīng)濟(jì)就是DePIN能否成功“分包”主營業(yè)務(wù)，并賦能海量的分包。人民群眾能否獲得長期、穩(wěn)定、合理、公平利益的關(guān)鍵。

Take the Helium project, which subcontracts WiFi resources and wants to achieve the goal of "providing network for everyone" as an example. Helium allows users to set up a router officially authorized by Helium at a lower cost, and then form a WiFi cluster from these Helium routers, which ultimately forms a Huge wireless network for anyone and anyone to use. Currently, according to information from public channels, Helium has deployed more than 500,000 hotspots around the world, covering 40,000 cities, and is continuing to expand at an average rate of 90,000 new hotspots per month.

The operator of the Helium project has released HNT tokens and established a token economic system around HNT. Users can continuously obtain HNT by purchasing Helium and using Helium routers to provide WiFi resources to the outside world. In early 2023, Helium successfully completed the migration to the Solana chain, proving the feasibility of promoting the DePIN business on the Solana ecosystem and triggering the entire market's expectations for large-scale growth in the DePIN track.

There are many other projects similar to the Helium project:

(1) Hivemapper: Just install the Hivemapper driving recorder, and you can collect 4K street-level images and draw maps while driving to obtain HONEY tokens.

(2) Filecoin: By connecting users who need to store data with users who have free space on their hard drives, users can be rewarded with FIL tokens after providing storage space.

02 Legal risks of DePIN

As can be seen from the above-mentioned basic operating model of DePIN, DePIN has the potential to closely connect blockchain, tokens and the real world. This innovative operating model can well reshape traditional industries. Its greatest value lies not only in breaking the The monopoly of traditional industry giants lies in the efficient and low-cost integration of existing hardware resources, reducing operating costs such as equipment maintenance and equipment storage, and achieving a faster and more effective allocation of social resources.

The Sajie team reminds that although DePIN is good, it does have greater legal risks in mainland my country, as detailed below.

1. Are the "coin issuance" and "coin acquisition" of the DePIN project considered "ICO" and "virtual currency mining" prohibited by Chinese law?

Sajie’s team believes that the two biggest risks of the DePIN project come from the stereotypes formed in my country’s Bitcoin network and Ethereum network in the era of “proof of work”. Undoubtedly, due to the immature related technologies of cryptocurrency at the time of its birth, the ecological construction of the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains was still in the exploratory stage, which led to the use of "proof of work" as the only way to mine coins at that time. It has certain rationality. However, with the continuous expansion of Bitcoin and blockchain and the continuous appreciation of cryptocurrency, large-scale "mines" have appeared in our country, which not only generates a large amount of energy waste, but also seriously damages the local ecological environment. In addition, the proliferation of ICOs has gradually become a common means of illegal fund-raising, destroying my country's financial order. As a result, cryptocurrency has gradually become a product that does more harm than good in the eyes of regulators.

Against this background, my country has successively issued two important normative documents, namely: the "Announcement on Preventing Token Issuance Financing Risks" issued in 2017 (hereinafter referred to as the "9.4 Announcement") and the "Announcement on Preventing Token Issuance Financing Risks" issued in 2021. Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with Speculation Risks in Virtual Currency Transactions" (hereinafter referred to as the "9.24 Notice").

9.4 The announcement makes it clear: Token issuance financing refers to financing entities raising so-called "virtual currencies" such as Bitcoin and Ethereum from investors through the illegal sale and circulation of tokens. It is essentially an act of illegal public financing without approval. , suspected of illegal sales of tokens, illegal issuance of securities, illegal fund-raising, financial fraud, pyramid schemes and other illegal and criminal activities. Relevant departments will closely monitor relevant developments, strengthen work coordination with judicial departments and local governments, strictly enforce the law in accordance with the current working mechanism, and resolutely control market chaos. If suspected criminal issues are discovered, they will be transferred to judicial authorities. In this context, the issuance of ICO currency is prohibited due to suspected illegal business crimes and illegal fund-raising crimes.

9.24 The notice is clear: In September 2021, the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments issued the "Notice on Regulating Virtual Currency "Mining" Activities" (hereinafter referred to as "No. 1283"), the definition of "mining" activities: Virtual currency "mining" "Activity refers to the process of calculating and producing virtual currencies through special "mining machines". It consumes large amounts of energy and carbon emissions, has low contribution to the national economy, and has limited driving effects on industrial development, technological progress, etc. In addition, virtual currency production and trading links derive The risks are becoming more and more prominent, and their blind and disorderly development will have a negative impact on promoting high-quality economic and social development and energy conservation and emission reduction. After the 9.24 notice, traditional “proof of work” mining has basically been cleared out of mainland my country.

So, does DePIN run the risk of breaking the law or even committing a crime when operating in our country? The Sajie team believes that the key lies in how we define the currency issuance and mining behavior of DePIN itself. Judging from the 9.4 Announcement and 9.24 Notice, it is not difficult to find that what regulatory agencies maintain is our country’s financial security, and secondly consider energy security and green development. And whether related industries can stimulate economic development. From this perspective, if a specific DePIN project can achieve low energy consumption, green and sustainable development without disrupting the financial order, and at the same time empower the real economy, it is not unfeasible in theory.

However, as of now, there is still a lag in my country's regulatory agencies' understanding of related industries in the Web3 field, and they have not yet broken free from the colored glasses and stereotypes that "mining is a waste of resources" and "issuance of coins is harmful to the financial order". Therefore, Still, DePIN's business model has greater risks in our country.

2. Risks of operating special DePIN projects

Sister Sa’s team needs to be reminded that although the concept of DePIN is good, not all projects are suitable to be done in the DePIN way, and some special DePIN projects can easily violate red lines.

由于DePIN項目涉及區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，如果按照海外項目大多應(yīng)用在公鏈上的邏輯來看，大部分DePIN都存在數(shù)據(jù)合規(guī)、數(shù)據(jù)出境的問題。

以前面提到的 Hivemapper 項目為例，用戶需要開車采集各個街道的地理信息并錄制高清的 4k 視頻，此類視頻和地理資料在各地都屬于敏感的信息，如果用戶拍攝了特殊的國家機關(guān)部門或是一些用于軍事用途、機密實驗用途等的場所，可能引發(fā)刑事風(fēng)險。

2021年11月就曾一起出現(xiàn)過因拍攝福建艦而引發(fā)的非法獲取國家秘密案件罪名。羅某因欲在軍事迷圈子中獲得較好的「談資」，購買了情感采集設(shè)備后對我國第一艘航空母艦福建艦進(jìn)行了非法拍攝，羅某被當(dāng)場抓獲。后經(jīng)相關(guān)部門鑒定，羅某利用無意手段隨意拍攝的照片和視頻中，涉及2項機密級軍事秘密和1項秘密級軍事秘密，因此羅某因「非法獲取國家秘密罪」被依法有期徒刑一年緩刑。

因此，颯姐團(tuán)隊提示，并非所有DePIN的主營業(yè)務(wù)都在全民隨意經(jīng)營，伙伴們必須在落實合規(guī)以及了解清楚可能不在的法律風(fēng)險后，再進(jìn)行展業(yè)。

03 寫在最后

總的來說，颯姐團(tuán)隊認(rèn)為DePIN本身是一個很好的概念，為大眾開展共享經(jīng)濟(jì)與區(qū)塊鏈結(jié)合后具體產(chǎn)業(yè)可能是這樣的樣子。但在實際落地運營上，我們認(rèn)為需要對DePIN進(jìn)行合理的改造，例如用聯(lián)盟鏈（特別是有官方背景、安全度高的聯(lián)盟鏈）來代替公鏈，用其他可控的收益分配機制來代替加密貨幣的發(fā)行，最終做好數(shù)據(jù)合規(guī)，實現(xiàn)DePIN的落地。

值得注意的是，在當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)下行壓力增加的背景下，Web3既迎來了機遇也面臨著更大的風(fēng)險。如前所述，如果具體DePIN項目能夠在不破壞金融秩序的基礎(chǔ)上，實現(xiàn)綠色可持續(xù)的發(fā)展，同時能夠為實體經(jīng)濟(jì)賦能，那將會在當(dāng)前低迷的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下成為死亡的「明星」。但如果不能把風(fēng)險控制，對我國法律紅線不加了解，那么DePIN項目很有可能成為重點打擊的對象，甚至可能影響到Web3行業(yè)的其他同類。

以上是今天的分享，感恩讀者！

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